Qualitative evaluation methods stray towards greater ‘subjectivity’ i.e. Quantitative data collected before and after an intervention can show its outcomes and impact. Analyzing Your Qualitative Evaluation Results – Webinar For example: Student narratives about why they participate in your program each month. The last section of this chapter outlines less common but, nonetheless, potentially useful qualitative methods for project evaluation. In addition, quantitative data do not provide an understanding of the program’s context and may not be robust enough to explain complex issues or interactions (Holland et al., 2005; Garbarino et al., 2009). Qualitative methods play an important role in safety intervention evaluation. Document Studies Existing records often provide insights into a setting and/or group of people that cannot be observed or noted in another way. Evaluators use the emic perspective, and qualitative data collection techniques, to understand the how and why around a project. However, quantitative evidence is usually needed to show that a program increased or decreased the frequency of some health behavior. Qualitative evaluation provides you with the ability to gain an in-depth understanding of a program or process. Full Document Cdc-pdf[PDF – 2.6 MB] 169-186). One-on-One Interview; An interview is a structured conversation involving two participants; usually the researcher and the user or a member of the target market. Another type of interview focuses on a person’s perceptions and motivations. It discusses when it is most appropriate to choose a qualitative method and how choosing that method can benefit the program evaluation. Experimental methods limit the possible ways in which a research participant … Managing Organizational Support, 1. Quantitative data is expressed as numbers; qualitative data is expressed as words. The strength of this method is that group discussion can provide ideas and stimulate memories with topics cascading as discussion occurs (Krueger et al., 2000; Morgan, 1997). There is a common misconception that summative equals quantitative and formative equals qualitative ­­— … Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation Methods . Working with Nontraditional Communities, Chapter 6. Qualitative research methods. This is because the combination generally provides the best overall assessment of the program. Process evaluation designs Common methods include: • Review of program documents and records Qualitative data: Each primary type of qualitative data contributes unique and valuable perspectives about student learning to the outcomes-based assessment process. This information can be found in document form. Qualitative survey research is a more casual research methodology used to gain in-depth information about people’s underlying reasoning and motivations. Surveys may be self- or interviewer-administered and conducted face-to-face or by telephone, by mail, or online. Quantitative and qualitative methods generate different types of data. unstructured and semi-structured interviews. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. This webinar provides an overview of how to use qualitative methods during an evaluation. ncj number. Qualitative Evaluation Methods . Focus Groups Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registration, Principles of Community Engagement - Second Edition, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Successful Efforts in Community Engagement, Improving American Indian Cancer Surveillance, The Dental Practice-Based Research Network, Determinants of Brushing Young Children’s Teeth, Chapter 4. Analysis of quantitative data involves statistical analysis, from basic descriptive statistics to complex analyses. Although in most situations, numbers are necessary to prove effectiveness, qualitative methods can yield information with a breadth and depth not possible with quantitative approaches. Evaluation research helps in market research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Qualitative analysis uses subjective judgment based on "soft" or non-quantifiable data. date published. Qualitative methods add depth, detail and meaning to your research. Focus group participants discuss their ideas and insights in response to open-ended questions from the facilitator. Some commonly used data collection methods for qualitative data include interviews, focus groups, document/material review, and ethnographic participation/observation. The strengths of qualitative data include providing contextual data to explain complex issues and complementing quantitative data by explaining the “why” and “how” behind the “what.” The limitations of qualitative data for evaluation may include lack of generalizability, the time-consuming and costly nature of data collection, and the difficulty and complexity of data analysis and interpretation (Patton, 2002). The limitations of using quantitative data for evaluation can include poor response rates from surveys, difficulty obtaining documents, and difficulties in valid measurement. qualitative evaluation methods. Some qualitative methods I have used are: 1. Most training evaluation processes include a combination of both of these methods. It can help you develop a deep understanding of a topic, issue, or problem from an individual perspective. Analysis will likely include the identification of themes, coding, clustering similar data, and reducing data to meaningful and important points, such as in grounded theory-building or other approaches to qualitative analysis (Patton, 2002). One-on-One interviews can be conducted physically, via the telephone and through video conferencing apps like Zoom and Google Meet. Qualitative evaluation and research methods (pp. Generally multimethod in focus, three types of findings often result from the qualitative fieldwork experience; interviews, observations, and documents. Collecting qualitative evaluation data requires the use of different tools than if you were focused only on gathering quantitative data. 67081. author(s) m q patton. Focus groups: asking questions and generating … This can give us insight into the planning, implementation, outputs, and sometimes even impact of a project. Engaging and Maintaining Community Involvement, 3. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. Twelve primary strategic themes of qualitative inquiry illuminate the unique niche of qualitative inquiry in research and evaluation studies. Types of Quantitative Research There are four (4) main types of quantitative designs: descriptive, correlational, quasi-experimental, and experimental. It is designed to help you explore the options you have when creating your program and project designs. Quantitative data collection methods include: Program records; Contact tracking; Data-matching with other organizations; Pre-and post-tests; Surveys; Qualitative data is used to describe meaning and is generally non-numerical. Interviews (a) Structured interviews. Just as quantitative methods are well suited for some types of questions, qualitative methods are particularly well suited to other, specific types … Quantitative data provide information that can be counted to answer such questions as “How many?”, “Who was involved?”, “What were the outcomes?”, and “How much did it cost?” Quantitative data can be collected by surveys or questionnaires, pretests and posttests, observation, or review of existing documents and databases or by gathering clinical data. In many cases qualitative surveys are used to come up with a hypothesis, which are then tested using quantitative research. The evaluation of community engagement may need both qualitative and quantitative methods because of the diversity of issues addressed (e.g., population, type of project, and goals). An example of a quantitative evaluation would be "This year our company had a total of 12 clients and completed 36 different projects for a total of three projects per client." Subjective (Qualitative) Journals Testimonials Observations Photographs Clippings. Click here to access the webinar: Analyzing Your Qualitative Evaluation Results – Webinar, This document is a copy of the slides presented during the webinar: Analyzing Your Qualitative Evaluation Results – Presentation Slides, Using Qualitative Methods in your Evaluation – Webinar Presentation Slides, Analyzing Your Qualitative Evaluation Results – Presentation Slides. To introduce qualitative evaluation methods, it is important to first elab-orate on the diversity of approaches even within the theory and practice of qualitative evaluation. Observations may help explain behaviors as well as social context and meanings because the evaluator sees what is actually happening. One challenge of collecting qualitative evaluation data is figuring out what to do with it! Qualitative data answer such questions as “What is the value added?”, “Who was responsible?”, and “When did something happen?’’ Qualitative data are collected through direct or participant observation, interviews, focus groups, and case studies and from written documents. Analysis of quantitative data involves sta… These methods are rarely used alone; combined, they generally provide the best overview of the project. Each of the research approaches involve using one or more data collection methods.These are some of the most common qualitative methods: Observations: recording what you have seen, heard, or encountered in detailed field notes. Lincoln and Guba (1985) defined a document as "any written or recorded m… This article provides insights into evaluating and creating evaluation methods. combining the theoretical with the practical, this book examines both how and why to conduct evaluations, reviews evaluation research history, and presents a qualitative research model. Qualitative vs. Quantitative Evaluation -5 Qualitative Quantitative Includes interviews, focus groups, observations, ethnographies, letter or diary writing Surveys, questionnaires, randomized controlled studies, semi-experimental designs, use of secondary data. Experiments typically yield quantitative data, as they are concerned with measuring things. Qualitative versus quantitative methods Most evaluation methods produce either quanti-tative or qualitative data. with the two types of evaluation designs: Process and Outcome. Qualitative evaluation approaches differ from each other on at least two important fronts: their philosophical beliefs about how Quantitative and qualitative methods can be combined in many ways to build on the strengths of both, and minimise their relative weaknesses. Check out evaluation … Open-ended questions in structured questionnaires Semi-structured and in- depth interviews Focus groups Document analysis Workshops - table-based/group exercises Go-along interviews - shadowing Photo-elicitation - photovoice Mental models- mind maps Participant diaries, logbooks, recordings Observation Interviews: personally asking people questions in one-on-one conversations. The choice of methods should fit the need for the evaluation, its timeline, and available resources (Holland et al., 2005; Steckler et al., 1992). After it is clear which type of evaluation you will conduct, you have to determine which research method you should use. Quantitative observations are made using scientific tools and measurements. Quantitative data is measurable, often used for comparisons, and involves counting of people, behaviors, conditions, or other discrete events (Wang, 2013). This webinar will provide “hands-on” learning about how to categorize information collected and interpret your qualitative findings. It involves the “why” and the “how” and allows a deeper look at issues of interest and to explore nuances. Patton (1990) identifies three basic types of qualitative interviewing for research or evaluation: the informal conversational interview, the interview guide approach, and … Qualitative analysis deals with intangible and inexact information that can be difficult to collect and measure. This section describes both quantitative and qualitative methods, and Table 7.1 shows examples of quantitative and qualitative questions according to stage of evaluation. Focus groups are run by a facilitator who leads a discussion among a group of people who have been chosen because they have specific characteristics (e.g., were clients of the program being evaluated). Qualitative methods include three kinds of data collection: (1) in-depth, open-ended interviews; (2) direct observation; and (3) written … Qualitative Methods for Evaluation Research. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Qualitative inquiry typically focuses in depth on QUALITATIVE METHODS. During the webinar, a question was posed about groupthink during Focus Groups. Quantitative data provide information that can be counted to answer such questions as “How many?”, “Who was involved?”, “What were the outcomes?”, and “How much did it cost?” Quantitative data can be collected by surveys or questionnaires, pretests and posttests, observation, or review of existing documents and databases or by gathering clinical data. Some interviews have a specific focus, such as a critical incident that an individual recalls and describes in detail. Both methods provide important information for evaluation, and both can improve community engagement. Click here to access the webinar: Using Qualitative Methods in your Evaluation – Webinar, This document is a copy of the slides presented during the webinar: Using Qualitative Methods in your Evaluation – Webinar Presentation Slides. However, other research methods, such as controlled observations and questionnairescan produce both quantitative information. The strengths of quantitative data for evaluation purposes include their generalizability (if the sample represents the population), the ease of analysis, and their consistency and precision (if collected reliably). Commonly used qualitative methods include: participant observation. These methods include document studies, key informants, alternative (authentic) assessment, and case studies. Qualitative Evaluation Checklist 2 INTRODUCTION Qualitative evaluations use qualitative and naturalistic methods, sometimes alone, but often in combination with quantitative data. Some commonly used data collection methods for qualitative data include interviews, focus groups, document/material review, and ethnographic participation/observation. Evaluation methods can be either quantitative or qualitative. Here are two articles that discuss this concept, as well as how to address it during your Focus Groups: A Strategy to Avoid Groupthink and Stimulate Discussion in Focus Groups (MacDougall & Baum, 1997), Evaluating the Efficacy of Focus Group Discussion in Qualitative Social Research (Boateng, 2012). Seven distinct, criteria-based frameworks for presenting and judging qualitative findings are provided. Broadly, quantitative approaches are more suit-ed to medium- or large-scale evaluations, where Quantitative data measure the depth and breadth of an implementation (e.g., the number of people who participated, the number of people who completed the program). Analyses of qualitative data include examining, comparing and contrasting, and interpreting patterns. The results can be measured or counted, and any other person trying to quantitatively assess the same situation should end up with the same results. samples.jbpub.com/9780763780586/80586_CH03_Keele.pdf It may be helpful to tape-record interviews, with appropriate permissions, to facilitate the analysis of themes or content. The Value of Social Networking, The Role of Social Networks in Community Engagement, Electronic Social Media and Community Engagement, Evaluating the Community Engagement Process, CTSA Community Engagement Key Function Committee, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Quantitative methods like surveys, questionnaires and polls and qualitative methods improve decision making. Observations can include watching a participant or program, videotaping an intervention, or even recording people who have been asked to “think aloud” while they work (Ericsson et al., 1993). Qualitative inquiry’s seven major contributions to understanding the world are presented. The results of qualitative methods are more descriptive and the inferences can … An evaluation can use quantitative or qualitative data, and often includes both. 1980 annotation. There is a growing Data Types Quantitative Data. For example, a rating scaleor closed questions on a questionnaire would generate quantitative data as these produce either numerical data or data that can be put into categories (e.g., “yes,” “no” answers). Interviews may be conducted with individuals alone or with groups of people and are especially useful for exploring complex issues. In terms of quantitative vs qualitative data, neither quantitative or qualitative … This Chapter Cdc-pdf[PDF – 777 KB]. Research Methods for Formative vs. Summative Evaluations. Interviews may be structured and conducted under controlled conditions, or they may be conducted with a loose set of questions asked in an open-ended manner. Collecting qualitative evaluation data requires the use of different tools than if you were focused only on gathering quantitative data. Quantitative data uses numbers to determine the what, who, when, and where of health-related events (Wang, 2013). away from the tick box type of evaluation used in ‘objective’ methods. There are different types of qualitative research methods like an in-depth interview, focus groups, ethnographic research, content analysis, case study research that are usually used. Designing Qualitative Studies 169 PURPOSEFUL SAMPLING Perhaps nothing better captures the difference between quantitative and qualitative methods than the different logics that undergird sampling approaches. Using Qualitative Methods in your Evaluation – Webinar. Quantitative methods track changes in ‘quantifiables’, while qualita-tive methods reveal perspectives, perceptions or behaviours. Analyzing the data. what qualitative methods are, the kinds of questions that can best be addressed by this approach, and the role qualitative methods can play in program evaluation. Process evaluation Goals: ... • Does not require a comparison group • Includes qualitative and quantitative data collection • Does not require advanced statistical methods. Surveys may be self- or interviewer-administered and conducted face-to-face or by telephone, by mail, or online.
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